Stand 1
The overstory (upper layer) of the forest cover in this stand consists of scattered large-sized white oak and shagbark hickory. This area was in significant tree cover in the 1930 photo, but it looked more open than it does now. Some significantly-sized white oak have died in this stand in recent years. The understory (lower layer) consists of scattered to moderately dense groups of seedling to sapling-sized bitternut hickory, black cherry, basswood, white ash, ironwood, and hackberry. There is also a butternut or two in this lower layer. Butternut is becoming a significantly rare plant in Iowa’s forest due to a disease called butternut canker. The understory also has some native shrubs such as gooseberry and dogwood, and non-native undesirable shrubs such as exotic honeysuckle and privet. Another significant non-native plant found on the forest floor of this stand is garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata).


Stand 2
Most of this area did not have tree cover in the 1930 photo. The overstory (upper layer) of the forest cover in this stand consists of scattered pole to small sawtimber-sized bitternut hickory, black cherry, honeylocust, hackberry, shagbark hickory, and white ash. The understory has some native shrubs such as gooseberry and chokecherry, and non-native undesirable shrubs such as exotic honeysuckle and multi-flora rose. Another significant non-native plant found on the forest floor of this stand is garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata).

Stand 3
This area did not have tree cover in the 1930 photo. The overstory (upper layer) of the forest cover in this stand consists of scattered to moderately-dense groups of pole to small sawtimber-sized shagbark hickory, and a few hackberry, basswood, and oak. The understory consists of scattered seedling to sapling-sized ironwood and white ash. There are also non-native undesirable shrubs such as exotic honeysuckle and barberry. Another significant non-native plant found on the forest floor of this stand is garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata).


Thicket 1
This area was treeless in the 1930 photo. This area is generally a thicket of shrubs such as dogwood along with some wild plum and the non-native autumn olive and honeysuckle. Scattered throughout this thicket are seedling to sapling-sized ash, bitternut hickory, black walnut, eastern redcedar, and a few oak.

Stand 4
This area had some tree vegetation in the 1930 photo. The overstory (upper layer) of the forest cover in this stand consists of scattered pole to small sawtimber-sized black walnut, a few shagbark hickory, basswood, honeylocust, and a few large-sized white oak. The understory has some native shrubs such as gooseberry, and non-native undesirable shrubs such as exotic honeysuckle and European cranberry bush viburnum. Another significant non-native plant found on the forest floor of this stand is garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata).